Present Simple
Simple present tense terutama digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sering dilakukan dan sudah menjadi kebiasaan, dan juga fakta atau pernyataan yang sudah umum diketahui.
Kalimat simple present tense dapat dibentuk menggunakan infinitive verbs (kata kerja dasar) atau to be (am, is, are).
Pola I (infinitive verbs)
(+) S + V1
(-) S + do/does + not + V1
(?) Do/does + S + V1
Pola II (to be)
(+) S + to be + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + to be + not + Adj/Adv/N
(?) To be + S + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
I eat breakfast every morning.
She does not drink coffee.
Does he wash the car every day?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
Calcium is important to the formation of strong bones.
Tara is not at home.
Are you happy?
Catatan
Pada pola pertama, jika subjek adalah orang ketiga tunggal (he, she, it) maka ditambah –s/-es pada akhir verba: he wants, she needs, it makes.
Untuk pola kedua, jika subjek adalah orang pertama I maka to be yang menyertainya adalam am. Jika orang kedua (you, we, they) maka are dan jika orang ketiga (he, she, it) maka is.
Kalimat negatif dan tanya untuk orang ketiga pola pertama menggunakan does dan verba yang menyertainya tidak diakhiri dengan –s/-es: He wants. Does he want? He does not want.
Verba yang berakhiran -y untuk orang ketiga tunggal (third person singular) diubah dari –y ke –ies: fly - flies, cry - cries. Kecuali ada huruf vokal sebelum –y maka tidak ada perubahan: play - plays, pray- prays
Tambahkan -es pada kata kerja yang berakhiran -o, -ss, -x, -sh, -ch: he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes, she goes
Present Simple, Function
Simple present tense
digunakan untuk:a. menyatakan suatu kebiasaan atau kegiatan yang biasa dilakukan berulang-ulang.
- Joe plays badminton on Saturdays.
- He drinks tea at breakfast.
b. menyatakan kebenaran umum atau kejadian alam.
- The sun rises in the east.
- Water freezes at zero degrees.
c. memberikan petunjuk atau instruksi.
- You walk for one hundred metres, then you turn right.
- Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
d. menyatakan situasi atau keadaan yang permanen
- I work in London.
- They live in England.
e. menyatakan suatu rencana atau keadaan yang telah ditetapkan/terjadwal.
- Her father arrives tomorrow.
- Our holiday starts on the 21st April.
f. menceritakan tentang buku, film atau menyatakan fakta tentang olahraga.
- Andy Wilson scores his first goal!
- Sean Jameson, who plays the part of the detective, dies in a car crash.
g. menyatakan pikiran/gagasan/ide dan perasaan.
- I like this supermarket.
- I think it’s very nice.
h. bersama dengan bentuk future untuk menyatakan waktu yang akan datang, setelah konjungsi: after, when, before, as soon as, until.
- He will give it to you when you come next Saturday.
- She will see you before she leaves.
Kata keterangan yang sering digunakan pada simple present tense
: always, never, often, sometimes, usually, occasionally, rarely, seldom, at present, today, these days, every day/week/month/year, on Tuesdays, on Sundays, at the weekend, once a day, twice a week, all the time.Present Perfect
Present perfect tense digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan atau situasi yang pernah atau sudah terjadi. Kapan terjadinya tindakan atau situasi itu tidak terlalu penting.Pola kalimat present perfect tense.
Pola I
(+) S + have/has + V3
(-) S + have/has + not + V3
(?) Have/has + S + V3
Pola II
(+) S + have/has + been + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + have/has + not + been + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Have/has + S + been + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
I have finished my work.
She has not eaten lunch.
Have you seen that movie?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
She has been sick for two days.
They have not been busy for one day.
Have you been here for two hours?
Catatan
Has dipakai jika subjek adalah orang ketiga tunggal (he, she, it).
Dalam percakapan (present perfect tense) biasanya subject dan auxiliary verb mengalami penyingkatan (contraction). Dan kadang-kadang dalam bentuk tulisan, penyingkatan ini juga dipakai.
I’ve finished my work.
She’s been sick for two days.
Singkatan ‘s setelah subjek orang ketiga dapat berarti auxiliary verbs (kata kerja bantu) have atau be. “It’s eaten” dapat berarti:
It has eaten. [present perfect tense, active voice]
It is eaten. [present tense, passive voice]
Perhatikan konteksnya, maka akan jelas auxiliary verbs yang mana yang dipakai.
Present perfect tense lebih sering dipakai di Inggris daripada di Amerika yang lebih sering menggunakan bentuk past tense.
Have you had lunch? (Inggris)
Did you have lunch? (Amerika)
Present Perfect, Function
Present perfect tense digunakan untuk:a. menyatakan keadaan atau kegiatan yang terjadi di waktu lampau yang berpengaruh atau dapat dirasakan hasilnya pada waktu sekarang.
- Dad has washed the car. It’s clean.
- She has lost weight and she looks very nice.
b. menyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi di waktu lampau dan masih terus berlangsung sampai dengan sekarang.
- I have worked in the bank since 1998.
- Mr. Allan has been a teacher for twenty-five years.
c. menyatakan kegiatan yang telah terjadi pada periode waktu tertentu dan masih belum selesai.
- I have read three books this month. (bulan ini masih belum berakhir)
- She has been to the cinema twice this week.
d. menyatakan kejadian atau kegiatan yang baru saja selesai. Dalam hal ini, kata “just” sering digunakan.
- I have just finished my work.
- We have just had lunch.
e. membicarakan pengalaman yang dimiliki atau sudah dialami, atau pun yang belum dialami.
- Have you ever met anyone famous?
- He’s never had a car before.
f. menyatakan kegiatan yang telah terjadi pada waktu yang tidak tertentu di waktu lampau, dimana waktu atau kapan terjadinya tidak begitu penting.
- I have met Sarah. She’s a nice girl.
- Someone has eaten my soup!
g. menyatakan kegiatan yang telah dilakukan berulang-ulang pada periode waktu yang tidak tertentu yang terjadi antara waktu lampau dan waktu sekarang.
- They have seen that film three times.
- We have eaten at that restaurant many times.
Keterangan waktu yang biasa dipakai dalam present perfect tense
: already, recently, lately, since, for, ever, never, yet, just.Present Continuous
Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang terjadi sekarang atau sedang berlangsung pada saat kita berbicara.Pola kalimat:
(+) S + to be + V-ing
(-) S + to be + not + V-ing
(?) To be + S + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
He is studying English grammar.
I am not sitting in class right now.
Is John fishing in the river?
Catatan
Verba yang berakhiran consonant + stressed vowel + consonant (konsonan + penekanan vokal + konsonan), ditambah lagi dengan huruf terakhirnya: stop – stopping, run – running, begin – beginning, etc. Hal ini tidak berlaku bila pada akhir kata tidak ada penekanan vokal (stressed vowel): open – opening.
Verba yang berakhiran -ie, diubah menjadi -y: lie – lying, die – dying.
Jika verba diakhiri vowel + consonant + e, hilangkan huruf e: come – coming, write – writing.
Saat kita sedang menggunakan present continuous tense berarti kita sedang berpikir tentang sesuatu yang sedang terjadi yang tidak atau belum selesai (unfinished or incomplete)
Istilah present continuous tense biasa digunakan pada British English, sedangkan pada American English lebih umum menggunakan istilah present progressive tense.
Present Continuous, Function
Present continuous tense digunakan untuk:a. menyatakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung sekarang.
- Be quiet! I’m doing my homework.
- I’m not enjoying this party.
b. menyatakan keadaan/situasi atau kegiatan yang bersifat sementara.
- She’s staying with her grandparents this week.
- The weather forecast was good, but it’s raining at the moment.
c. menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah direncanakan pada waktu yang akan datang dalam waktu dekat.
- I’m meeting my girlfriend tonight.
- We’re leaving for France tomorrow.
d. menyatakan situasi yang terjadi sampai sekarang, keadaan yang sedang berubah/berkembang atau sesuatu yang sedang menjadi tren saat ini.
- Are you still working for the same company?
- Prices are rising very fast these days.
e. bersama dengan kata keterangan always, forever, dan constantly, digunakan untuk menggambarkan suatu aktivitas yang dilakukan berulang-ulang secara terus menerus (biasanya untuk menunjukkan perbuatan yang mengganggu).
- You are forever complaining about your mother-in-law!
- He is always borrowing my things without asking!
Keterangan waktu yang biasa dipakai dalam present continuous tense
: now, at present, at the moment, today, these days, this month/week. Present Perfect Continuous
Present perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan atau peristiwa yang sudah mulai terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih sedang berlangsung sampai sekarang.Pola kalimat:
(+) S + have/has + been + V-ing
(-) S + have/has + not + been + V-ing
(?) Have/has + S + been + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
They have been talking on the phone for thirty minutes.
He has not been working here.
Have you been playing tennis?
Catatan
Present perfect continuous tense menunjuk pada waktu tak tentu antara sebelum sekarang (before now) dan sekarang (now). Pembicara berpikir bahwa suatu kegiatan yang telah dimulai bisa jadi belum selesai pada periode waktu tersebut.
She has been waiting for you all day.
I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning
Present Perfect Continuous, Function
Present perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk:a. menyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi di waktu lampau yang dilakukan berulang kali dan masih berlanjut sampai dengan waktu sekarang.
- I have been learning English for six years.
- They have been traveling since last November.
b. menyatakan kegiatan yang baru saja selesai, yang mana hasil dari kegiatan tersebut berpengaruh pada waktu sekarang.
- He has been repairing the car. His clothes are dirty.
- It has been raining (= and the streets are still wet).
Keterangan waktu yang biasa dipakai dalam present perfect continuous tense
adalah for, since, recently, lately, How long?
Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 1 "Past Simple" versi Indonesia
Past Simple
Simple past tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau aktivitas di waktu lampau yang sudah selesai dilakukan atau yang sudah terjadi.Kalimat simple past tense dapat dibentuk menggunakan kata kerja bentuk kedua (past) atau to be (was/were).
Pola I
(+) S + V2
(-) S + did + not + V1
(?) Did + S + V1
Pola II
(+) S + was/were + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + was/were + not + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Was/were + S + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
I walked to school yesterday.
Tom did not eat lunch yesterday.
Did you come to class?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
They were in Bali last week.
It was not cool last night.
Was Tom at home last night?
Catatan
Kegiatan atau aktivitas yang dilakukan dapat saja terjadi beberapa menit atau hitungan detik sebelumnya, atau baru saja terjadi dan telah selesai sebelum saat sekarang ini. Atau bisa jadi kejadian yang terjadi jutaan tahun yang lalu.
Pada pola kalimat pertama bentuk negatif atau tanya tidak digunakan verba bentuk kedua (seperti walked, stopped, rang, dsb.) tetapi menggunakan bentuk verba pertama.
Pola kalimat simple past tense sering dipakai untuk bercerita.
Past Simple, Function
Simple past tense digunakan untuk:a. menyatakan kejadian, kegiatan atau situasi yang terjadi di waktu lampau (sebelum sekarang) dengan menyebutkan waktu terjadinya secara spesifik maupun tidak.
- Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
- They arrived in Geneva yesterday.
- I saw that film last week.
- She finished her work at seven o’clock.
- He lived here for two years.
- Peter left five minutes ago.
- I drank three cups of coffee this morning.
b. menyatakan kebiasaan atau kegiatan yang sering dilakukan di waktu lampau
- Last summer, we went to the beach every day.
- He always drank a glass of milk in the morning.
- He travelled a lot when he was younger.
- She played the piano when she was a child.
c. menyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi secara berurutan atau susul menyusul.
- She put on her coat and picked up her bag. Then she opened the door and went out.
- He got up, had breakfast and went out.
Keterangan waktu yang biasa dipakai dalam simple past tense
adalah:- yesterday, yesterday morning / afternoon / evening,
- last night / week / month / year / Saturday,
- a minute ago, two days / weeks / months / years ago,
- in 2001, in April, on 25th March, on that day, at six o’clock,
- today, this morning / afternoon
Past Continuous
Past continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau.Pola kalimat:
(+) S + was/were + V-ing
(-) S + was/were + not + V-ing
(?) Was/were + S + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
He was studying English at 7 o’clock last night.
They were not playing tennis at 4 pm last Sunday.
Was Tom washing the car yesterday?
Catatan
Bentuk past continuous tense menggambarkan kejadian atau kegiatan pada waktu sebelum sekarang yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan masih dilakukan sampai dengan waktu tertentu di waktu lampau. Dengan kata lain, kegiatan tersebut belum selesai dilakukan pada waktu lampau.
Past continuous tense sering digunakan bersama-sama dengan bentuk past tense untuk menggambarkan sebuah cerita.
Past Continuous, Function
Past continuous tense digunakan untuk:a. menggambarkan kegiatan yang sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di waktu lampau.
- I was doing my homework at eight o’clock yesterday evening.
- I was having lunch at 2 o’clock yesterday.
b. menyatakan kejadian yang belum selesai atau sedang terjadi yang terhenti karena kejadian lainnya di waktu lampau.
- I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang.
- She was driving to work when her car broke down.
c. menyatakan kejadian yang sedang terjadi ketika kejadian lainnya juga terjadi di waktu lampau.
- She was sleeping when her father left.
- We were watching TV when the doorbell rang.
d. menggambarkan kegiatan yang sedang terjadi secara bersamaan di waktu lampau.
- Jack was reading a comic while the teacher was talking.
- While Mum was cooking, Tom and I were doing our homework.
e. menggambarkan suasana atau keadaan pada awal sebuah cerita di waktu lampau.
- It was a beautiful morning. The sun was shining and the birds were singing.
- It was early in the morning. People were going to work and children were hurrying to school.
Past Perfect
Past perfect tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang telah terjadi sebelum terjadinya peristiwa atau kegiatan lain di waktu lampau.Pola kalimat past perfect tense.
Pola I
(+) S + had + V3
(-) S + had + not + V3
(?) Had + S + V3
Pola II
(+) S + had + been + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + had + not + been + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Had + S + been + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
They had gone to bed by ten o’clock.
I had not eaten when she came.
Had the cat killed the parrot?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
She had been to the supermarket by nine o’clock.
They had not been here when he came.
Had she been happy after his father came?
Catatan
Pada saat berbicara menggunakan pola kalimat past perfect tense, subjek dan kata kerja bantu sering dijadikan satu dengan cara disingkat (‘d contraction).
They’d gone to bed by ten o’clock.
Bentuk singkatan ‘d juga dipakai untuk kata kerja bantu would. Contoh, we’d dapat berarti we had atau we would. Tetapi verba utamanya berbeda bentuk, misalnya:
We had arrived (past participle)
We would arrive (base)
Perhatikan konteksnya dalam kalimat untuk membedakannya.
Past Perfect, Function
Past perfect tense digunakan untuk:a. menggambarkan kegiatan atau kejadian yang terjadi lebih dulu sebelum kejadian lainnya di waktu lampau. Kejadian lainnya itu biasanya menggunakan bentuk past simple tense.
- By the time I arrived, Jack had already gone to the bed.
- I was glad that I had caught the early bus.
- Emma went to France last week. Before that, she had never been outside Indonesia.
b. menggambarkan kegiatan atau kejadian yang terjadi lebih dulu sebelum atau pada waktu (kejadian lainnya) yang spesifik di waktu lampau.
- It was one o’clock in the morning. The guests had gone home.
- She had completed the preparations before noon.
- He had left by 10.00.
c. menunjukkan kegiatan atau kejadian yang benar-benar telah selesai dilakukan.
- When Susan had done her shopping, she went to visit her sister.
- As soon as we had done our last exam, we all went out to a club.
- When I got home, I found that Joe had painted his room.
Keterangan waktu yang biasa dipakai dalam past perfect tense
adalah when, after, before, as sson as, until, just, already, by, by the time, ever, never, the previous day, the week before.Past Perfect Continuous
Past perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kegiatan yang telah dan sedang berlangsung sebelum peristiwa lain terjadi di masa lampau.Pola kalimat:
(+) S + had + been + V-ing
(-) S + had + not + been + V-ing
(?) Had + S + been + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
I had been reading a book for two hours when he arrived.
She had not been sleeping when he walked in.
Had you been waiting long before the taxi arrived?
Catatan
Pola kalimat past perfect continuous tense juga dipakai dalam kalimat tak langsung (indirect/reported speech). Bentuk kalimat tak langsung ini sepadan dengan bentuk kalimat langsung (direct speech) dengan pola past continuous tense dan present perfect continuous tense.
Jane said, “I have been gardening all afternoon.”
Jane said she had been gardening all afternoon. (indirect speech)
When the police questioned him, John said “I was working late in the office that night.”
When the police questioned him, John told them he had been working late in the office that night. (indirect speech)
Past Perfect Continuous, Function
Past perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk:a. memberikan penekanan pada lamanya kejadian berlangsung selama waktu tertentu sebelum kejadian lainnya di waktu lampau. Kejadian lain yang mengikutinya itu biasanya menggunakan bentuk past simple tense.
- I found my keys yesterday. I had been looking for them for days.
- We had been sleeping for two hours when someone knocked on our door.
b. menggambarkan kegiatan yang terjadi di waktu lampau yang berlangsung lama dan hasilnya atau akibatnya dapat dilihat atau dirasakan.
- The man had been working in the fields, so they were exhausted.
- Her eyes were red. She had been crying.
Keterangan waktu yang biasa dipakai dalam past perfect continuous tense
adalah since, for, before, until, when, etc.Past Future Simple
Simple past future tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau kejadian yang akan dilakukan pada waktu lampau.Pola kalimat simple past future tense.
Pola I
(+) S + would + V1
(-) S + would + not + V1
(?) Would + S + V1
Pola II
(+) S + would + be + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + would + not + be + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Would + S + be + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
He would cross the street this morning.
I would not go to Bali the following day.
Would you sleep after that?
What would you buy for her at that moment?
Who would go the beach the next day?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
I would be in class this morning.
He would not be late the following day.
Would you be back for lunch after that?
Where would you be the next day?
Who would be angry at that moment?
Catatan
Untuk bentuk negatif, sering dipakai bentuk singkatan wouldn’t.
He wouldn’t be late the following day.
Terkadang should dipakai menggantikan would, terutama untuk subjek I dan we.
I should not go to Bali the following day.
Past Future Continuous
Past future continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau kejadian yang akan sedang dilakukan pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.Pola kalimat
(+) S + would + be + V-ing
(-) S + would + not + be + V-ing
(?) Would + S + be + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
I would be studying English at 8 o’clock last night.
She would not be watering the garden at this the day last week.
Would you be playing football at 7 o’clock yesterday morning?
Past Future Perfect
Past future perfect tense adalah digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau kejadian yang akan sudah atau belum selesai dilakukan di waktu lampau.Pola I
(+) S + would + have + V3
(-) S + would + not + have + V3
(?) Would + S + have + V3
Pola II
(+) S + would + have + been + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + would + not + have + been + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Would + S + have + been + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
She would have met me.
They would not have visited us.
Would he have finished his study?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
I would have been in Surabaya.
She would not have met me.
Would he have finished her study?
Past Future Perfect Continuous
Past future perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau kejadian yang akan sudah dan sedang/masih dilakukan pada masa lampau.Pola kalimat
(+) S + would + have + been + V-ing
(-) S + would + not + have + been + V-ing
(?) Would + S + have + been + V-ing
Contoh kalimat:
I would have been living in Yogyakarta for 10 years.
She would not have been studying for three years.
Would you have been teaching for five years?
Sumber :
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/01/past-simple.html
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/past-simple-function.html
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/01/past-continuous.html
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/past-continuous-function.html
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/01/past-perfect.html
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/past-perfect-function.html
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/01/past-perfect-continuous.html
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/past-perfect-continuous-function.html
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/01/past-future-simple.html
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/01/past-future-continuous.html
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/01/past-future-perfect.html
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/01/past-future-perfect-continuous.html
Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 1 "Future Simple" versi Indonesia
Future Simple
Simple future tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau kejadian yang akan dilakukan pada masa yang akan datang.
Kalimat simple future tense dapat dibentuk menggunakan will atau be going to.
Pola I (will)
(+) S + will + V1
(-) S + will + not + V1
(?) Will + S + V1
Pola II (will be + Adj/Adv/N)
(+) S + will + be + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + will + not + be + Adj/Adv/N
(?) Will + S + be + Adj/Adv/N
Pola III (going to)
(+) S + to be + going to + V1
(-) S + to be + not + going to + V1
(?) To be + S + going to + V1
Pola IV (going to + be + Adj/Adv/N)
(+) S + to be + going to + be + Adj/Adv/N
(-) S + to be + not + going to + be + Adj/Adv/N
(?) To be + S + going to + be + Adj/Adv/N
Contoh kalimat pola I:
I will see you tomorrow.
She will not come here next Sunday.
Will Tom come tomorrow?
Contoh kalimat pola II:
I will be in class tomorrow.
He will not be late.
Will she be back for dinner?
Contoh kalimat pola III:
I am going to be swim tomorrow.
He is not going to play football this afternoon.
Are you going to come to class tomorrow?
Contoh kalimat pola IV:
They are going to be proud of me.
Tom is not going to be here tomorrow.
Is she going to be in class tomorrow?
Catatan
Untuk subjek I dan we, selain menggunakan will juga dapat menggunakan shall.
I shall know more next month, I hope.
We shall arrive tomorrow.
Simple future tense menunjukkan sesuatu atau kejadian yang kita pikirkan yang akan terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang. Tetapi, jika menyatakan sesuatu atau tujuan yang telah direncanakan sebelumnya untuk dilakukan di waktu yang akan datang, maka kita menggunakan be going to.
We are going to move to London next year.
Is Freddy going to buy a new car soon?
Future Simple, Function
Kalimat berpola simple future tense dapat dibentuk menggunakan will atau be going to.Will dalam simple future tense digunakan untuk:
a. memprediksi atau meramalkan apa yang kita percayai akan terjadi di waktu yang akan datang. Will juga biasa digunakan bersama-sama dengan ungkapan I think, I believe, I bet, I am sure/afraid, I suppose, I hope, atau kata keterangan seperti probably, perhaps, possibly, certainly etc.
- She will become a great lawyer one day.
- I will probably be at school early tomorrow morning.
b. mengekspresikan atau membuat keputusan secara spontan yang biasanya kita lakukan pada saat sedang berbicara.
- The phone is ringing. I will answer it.
- I will pay for the tickets by credit card.
c. menawarkan bantuan kita kepada seseorang.
- I will do the shopping for you!
- I will carry these books for you.
d. menyatakan janji.
- I will be here at 10.00.
- I promise I won’t be late.
e. meminta dengan sopan kepada seseorang untuk melakukan apa yang kita inginkan.
- Will you open the door for me?
- Will you help me with my Maths homework?
f. menyatakan undangan atau permohonan.
- Will you come to the dance with me?
- Will you marry me?
g. memperingatkan seseorang terhadap sesuatu.
- Your boss will be angry if you are late again.
- Be careful! You will hurt yourself with that knife.
h. menyatakan ketidakmauan atau ancaman akan sesuatu hal.
- I won’t leave until I’ve seen the manager!
- The baby won’t eat his soup.
i. menyatakan tentang sesuatu kejadian atau kondisi yang pasti terjadi di waktu yang akan datang, dimana kita tidak dapat mengubahnya atau mengendalikannya.
- The sun will rise at 6.10 tomorrow.
- The temperature will drop during the weekend.
Shall dapat digunakan menggantikan will, terutama bersama dengan I dan we untuk memberikan saran, usul atau anjuran, dan juga menanyakan atau meminta nasehat.
- Shall I open the window?
- Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
- What shall I tell the boss about the money?
Going to dalam simple future tense digunakan untuk:
a. menyatakan rencana yang akan datang yang sudah kita putuskan untuk dilakukan.
- Emma is going to do an experiment this afternoon.
- We are going to buy a new car next month.
b. pada saat kita tahu sesuatu akan terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang karena adanya suatu petunjuk atau pertanda pada saat sekarang.
- Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain.
- My sister is going to have a baby in March.
- It’s nearly nine now. We’re going to be late.
Future Perfect, Function
Future perfect tense digunakan untuk:a. menyatakan kejadian atau kegiatan yang akan dan baru saja/sudah selesai dilakukan pada waktu tertentu di waktu yang datang.
- I’ll have left by the time you read this.
- I like looking at these pictures, but I’ll have had enough by lunchtime.
b. menyatakan kejadian atau kegiatan yang telah dimulai pada waktu lampau yang akan sudah dilakukan dan belum selesai di masa yang akan datang.
- They will have lived here for four years next April.
- I’ll have been here for six months on May 22nd.
Keterangan waktu yang biasa dipakai dalam future perfect tense adalah by, by the time, before, for etc.
Future Continuous, Function
Future continuous tense digunakan untuk:a. menyatakan kegiatan yang akan dilakukan dan sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di waktu yang akan datang .
- At 9.30 tomorrow morning, we’ll be traveling to Bali.
- Andrew will be working all day tomorrow. He can’t go to the party.
b. menanyakan kepada seseorang tentang rencana yang akan dilakukannya, terutama pada saat kita menginginkan seseorang itu untuk melakukan apa yang kita inginkan.
- Will you be passing the library on your way home? ~ Yes. Why? ~ Could you return this book for me?
- How long will you be using this computer? You can have it in a minute.
c. menyatakan kegiatan yang dapat dipastikan terjadi di waktu yang akan datang karena sudah direncanakan dan menjadi kebiasaan yang rutin dilakukan.
- I’ll be seeing him tomorrow. We always meet on Mondays.
- I’ll be passing your house. It’s on my way home from work.
d. untuk memprediksi atau menerka perasaan seseorang atau apa yang dilakukannya pada saat sekarang atau masa yang datang.
- You’ll be feeling thirsty after working in the sun.
- He’ll be coming to the meeting, I expect.
Sumber :
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/01/future-simple.html
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/future-simple-function.html
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/future-perfect-function.html
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/future-continuous-function.html
Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 1 "Simple Future Tense"
Simple Future Tense
| I will sing |
How do we make the Simple Future Tense?
The structure of the simple future tense is:| subject | + | auxiliary verb WILL | + | main verb |
| invariable | base | |||
| will | V1 | |||
| subject | auxiliary verb | main verb | |||
| + | I | will | open | the door. | |
| + | You | will | finish | before me. | |
| - | She | will | not | be | at school tomorrow. |
| - | We | will | not | leave | yet. |
| ? | Will | you | arrive | on time? | |
| ? | Will | they | want | dinner? |
| I will | I'll |
| you will | you'll |
| he will she will it will | he'll she'll it'll |
| we will | we'll |
| they will | they'll |
| I will not | I won't |
| you will not | you won't |
| he will not she will not it will not | he won't she won't it won't |
| we will not | we won't |
| they will not | they won't |
How do we use the Simple Future Tense?
No Plan
We use the simple future tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking. Look at these examples:- Hold on. I'll get a pen.
- We will see what we can do to help you.
- Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight.
We often use the simple future tense with the verb to think before it:
- I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.
- I think I will have a holiday next year.
- I don't think I'll buy that car.
Prediction
We often use the simple future tense to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen. Here are some examples:- It will rain tomorrow.
- People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.
- Who do you think will get the job?
Be
When the main verb is be, we can use the simple future tense even if we have a firm plan or decision before speaking. Examples:- I'll be in London tomorrow.
- I'm going shopping. I won't be very long.
- Will you be at work tomorrow?
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Future Continuous Tense
| I will be singing |
How do we make the Future Continuous Tense?
The structure of the future continuous tense is:| subject | + | auxiliary verb WILL | + | auxiliary verb BE | + | main verb |
| invariable | invariable | present participle | ||||
| will | be | base + ing | ||||
| subject | auxiliary verb | auxiliary verb | main verb | |||
| + | I | will | be | working | at 10am. | |
| + | You | will | be | lying | on a beach tomorrow. | |
| - | She | will | not | be | using | the car. |
| - | We | will | not | be | having | dinner at home. |
| ? | Will | you | be | playing | football? | |
| ? | Will | they | be | watching | TV? |
| I will | I'll |
| you will | you'll |
| he will she will it will | he'll she'll it'll |
| we will | we'll |
| they will | they'll |
| I will not | I won't |
| you will not | you won't |
| he will not she will not it will not | he won't she won't it won't |
| we will not | we won't |
| they will not | they won't |
| |
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How do we use the Future Continuous Tense?
The future continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the future. The action will start before that moment but it will not have finished at that moment. For example, tomorrow I will start work at 2pm and stop work at 6pm:| At 4pm tomorrow, I will be working. | |||||
| past | present | future | |||
| |||||
| At 4pm, I will be in the middle of working. | |||||
- I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow.
- They won't be watching TV at 9pm tonight.
- What will you be doing at 10pm tonight?
- What will you be doing when I arrive?
- She will not be sleeping when you telephone her.
- We 'll be having dinner when the film starts.
- Take your umbrella. It will be raining when you return.
Future Perfect Tense
| I will have sung |
How do we make the Future Perfect Tense?
The structure of the future perfect tense is:| subject | + | auxiliary verb WILL | + | auxiliary verb HAVE | + | main verb |
| invariable | invariable | past participle | ||||
| will | have | V3 | ||||
| subject | auxiliary verb | auxiliary verb | main verb | |||
| + | I | will | have | finished | by 10am. | |
| + | You | will | have | forgotten | me by then. | |
| - | She | will | not | have | gone | to school. |
| - | We | will | not | have | left. | |
| ? | Will | you | have | arrived? | ||
| ? | Will | they | have | received | it? |
| I will have | I'll have | I'll've |
| you will have | you'll have | you'll've |
| he will have she will have it will have | he'll have she'll have it'll have | he'll've she'll've it'll've |
| we will have | we'll have | we'll've |
| they will have | they'll have | they'll've |
| |
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How do we use the Future Perfect Tense?
The future perfect tense expresses action in the future before another action in the future. This is the past in the future. For example:- The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive, the train will have left.
| The train will have left when you arrive. | ||||||||
| past | present | future | ||||||
| Train leaves in future at 9am. | ||||||||
| ||||||||
| You arrive in future at 9.15am. | ||||||||
- You can call me at work at 8am. I will have arrived at the office by 8.
- They will be tired when they arrive. They will not have slept for a long time.
- "Mary won't be at home when you arrive."
"Really? Where will she have gone?"
| present perfect tense | future perfect tense | |||||
| | have | done | > | | will | have | done | > | | |||||
| past | now | future | past | now | future | |
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
| I will have been singing |
How do we make the Future Perfect Continuous Tense?
The structure of the future perfect continuous tense is:| subject | + | auxiliary verb WILL | + | auxiliary verb HAVE | + | auxiliary verb BE | + | main verb |
| invariable | invariable | past participle | present participle | |||||
| will | have | been | base + ing | |||||
| subject | auxiliary verb | auxiliary verb | auxiliary verb | main verb | |||
| + | I | will | have | been | working | for four hours. | |
| + | You | will | have | been | travelling | for two days. | |
| - | She | will | not | have | been | using | the car. |
| - | We | will | not | have | been | waiting | long. |
| ? | Will | you | have | been | playing | football? | |
| ? | Will | they | have | been | watching | TV? |
| I will | I'll |
| you will | you'll |
| he will she will it will | he'll she'll it'll |
| we will | we'll |
| they will | they'll |
| I will not | I won't |
| you will not | you won't |
| he will not she will not it will not | he won't she won't it won't |
| we will not | we won't |
| they will not | they won't |
How do we use the Future Perfect Continuous Tense?
We use the future perfect continuous tense to talk about a long action before some point in the future. Look at these examples:- I will have been working here for ten years next week.
- He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been travelling for 24 hours.
Sumber = "http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses_future.htm"
Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 1 "Simple Past Tense"
Simple Past Tense
| I sang |
How do we make the Simple Past Tense?
To make the simple past tense, we use:- past form only
or - auxiliary did + base form
| V1 base | V2 past | V3 past participle | ||
| regular verb | work explode like | worked exploded liked | worked exploded liked | The past form for all regular verbs ends in -ed. |
| irregular verb | go see sing | went saw sang | gone seen sung | The past form for irregular verbs is variable. You need to learn it by heart. |
| You do not need the past participle form to make the simple past tense. It is shown here for completeness only. | ||||
| subject | + | main verb |
| past |
| subject | + | auxiliary verb | + | not | + | main verb |
| did | base |
| auxiliary verb | + | subject | + | main verb |
| did | base |
| subject | auxiliary verb | main verb | |||
| + | I | went | to school. | ||
| You | worked | very hard. | |||
| - | She | did | not | go | with me. |
| We | did | not | work | yesterday. | |
| ? | Did | you | go | to London? | |
| Did | they | work | at home? |
| subject | main verb | |||
| + | I, he/she/it | was | here. | |
| You, we, they | were | in London. | ||
| - | I, he/she/it | was | not | there. |
| You, we, they | were | not | happy. | |
| ? | Was | I, he/she/it | right? | |
| Were | you, we, they | late? |
How do we use the Simple Past Tense?
We use the simple past tense to talk about an action or a situation - an event - in the past. The event can be short or long.Here are some short events with the simple past tense:
| The car exploded at 9.30am yesterday. She went to the door. We did not hear the telephone. Did you see that car? | |||||
| past | present | future | |||
| The action is in the past. | |||||
| I lived in Bangkok for 10 years. The Jurassic period lasted about 62 million years. We did not sing at the concert. Did you watch TV last night? | |||||
| past | present | future | |||
| The action is in the past. | |||||
- the event is in the past
- the event is completely finished
- we say (or understand) the time and/or place of the event
| |
|
- I lived in that house when I was young.
- He didn't like the movie.
- What did you eat for dinner?
- John drove to London on Monday.
- Mary did not go to work yesterday.
- Did you play tennis last week?
- I was at work yesterday.
- We were not late (for the train).
- Were you angry?
"The wind was howling around the hotel and the rain was pouring down. It was cold. The door opened and James Bond entered. He took off his coat, which was very wet, and ordered a drink at the bar. He sat down in the corner of the lounge and quietly drank his..."
| |
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Simple Past Tense Quiz
1 I ... to the mall after school (went/gone)
2 My brother … a bear an hour ago.(saw/seen)
3 … Mike visit his grandmother last night?(did/are)
4 Alex did not … last weekend. (work/worked)
5 … Judy and Liz at last month's meeting?(were/was)
6 We … not happy after the sad ending.(were/was)
7 … you see Jody's new dog yesterday?(are/did)
8 Sorry, I … hear you at the door.(wasn`t/didn`t)
9 I … English for two years.(study/studied)
10 What … you eat for lunch yesterday? (do/did)Past Continuous Tense
| I was singing |
How do we make the Past Continuous Tense?
The structure of the past continuous tense is:| subject | + | auxiliary verb BE | + | main verb |
| conjugated in simple past tense | present participle | |||
| was were | base + ing | |||
| subject | auxiliary verb | main verb | |||
| + | I | was | watching | TV. | |
| + | You | were | working | hard. | |
| - | He, she, it | was | not | helping | Mary. |
| - | We | were | not | joking. | |
| ? | Were | you | being | silly? | |
| ? | Were | they | playing | football? |
» | |
|
How do we use the Past Continuous Tense?
The past continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the past. The action started before that moment but has not finished at that moment. For example, yesterday I watched a film on TV. The film started at 7pm and finished at 9pm.| At 8pm yesterday, I was watching TV. | |||||
| past | present | future | |||
| |||||
| At 8pm, I was in the middle of watching TV. | |||||
- I was working at 10pm last night.
- They were not playing football at 9am this morning.
- What were you doing at 10pm last night?
- What were you doing when he arrived?
- She was cooking when I telephoned her.
- We were having dinner when it started to rain.
- Ram went home early because it was snowing.
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|
" James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing hard. Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a telephone box..."
Past Continuous Tense + Simple Past Tense
We often use the past continuous tense with the simple past tense. We use the past continuous tense to express a long action. And we use the simple past tense to express a short action that happens in the middle of the long action. We can join the two ideas with when or while.In the following example, we have two actions:
- long action (watching TV), expressed with past continuous tense
- short action (telephoned), expressed with simple past tense
| past | present | future | |||||||||
| Long action. | |||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Short action. | |||||||||||
- I was watching TV when you telephoned.
We use:
- when + short action (simple past tense)
- while + long action (past continuous tense)
| I was walking past the car | when | it exploded. | |
| When | the car exploded | I was walking past it. | |
| The car exploded | while | I was walking past it. | |
| While | I was walking past the car | it exploded. |
- "Watching TV" took a few hours. "Telephoned" took a few seconds.
- "Walking past the car" took a few seconds. "Exploded" took a few milliseconds.
Past Perfect Tense
| I had sung |
How do we make the Past Perfect Tense?
The structure of the past perfect tense is:| subject | + | auxiliary verb HAVE | + | main verb |
| conjugated in simple past tense | past participle | |||
| had | V3 | |||
| subject | auxiliary verb | main verb | |||
| + | I | had | finished | my work. | |
| + | You | had | stopped | before me. | |
| - | She | had | not | gone | to school. |
| - | We | had | not | left. | |
| ? | Had | you | arrived? | ||
| ? | Had | they | eaten | dinner? |
| I had | I'd |
| you had | you'd |
| he had she had it had | he'd she'd it'd |
| we had | we'd |
| they had | they'd |
| |
|
How do we use the Past Perfect Tense?
The past perfect tense expresses action in the past before another action in the past. This is the past in the past. For example:- The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. When we arrived, the train had left.
| The train had left when we arrived. | ||||||||
| past | present | future | ||||||
| Train leaves in past at 9am. | ||||||||
| ||||||||
| We arrive in past at 9.15am. | ||||||||
- I wasn't hungry. I had just eaten.
- They were hungry. They had not eaten for five hours.
- I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before.
- "Mary wasn't at home when I arrived."
"Really? Where had she gone?"
| past perfect tense | present perfect tense | |||||
| had | done | > | | have | done | > | | |||||
| past | now | future | past | now | future | |
- "You are too late. The train has left."
- "We were too late. The train had left."
Look at these examples:
- He told us that the train had left.
- I thought I had met her before, but I was wrong.
- He explained that he had closed the window because of the rain.
- I wondered if I had been there before.
- I asked them why they had not finished.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
| I had been singing |
How do we make the Past Perfect Continuous Tense?
The structure of the past perfect continuous tense is:| subject | + | auxiliary verb HAVE | + | auxiliary verb BE | + | main verb |
| conjugated in simple past tense | past participle | present participle | ||||
| had | been | base + ing | ||||
| subject | auxiliary verb | auxiliary verb | main verb | |||
| + | I | had | been | working. | ||
| + | You | had | been | playing | tennis. | |
| - | It | had | not | been | working | well. |
| - | We | had | not | been | expecting | her. |
| ? | Had | you | been | drinking? | ||
| ? | Had | they | been | waiting | long? |
| I had been | I'd been |
| you had been | you'd been |
| he had she had been it had been | he'd been she'd been it'd been |
| we had been | we'd been |
| they had been | they'd been |
How do we use the Past Perfect Continuous Tense?
The past perfect continuous tense is like the past perfect tense, but it expresses longer actions in the past before another action in the past. For example:- Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours.
| Ram had been waiting for two hours when I arrived. | ||||||||
| past | present | future | ||||||
| Ram starts waiting in past at 9am. | ||||||||
| ||||||||
| I arrive in past at 11am. | ||||||||
- John was very tired. He had been running.
- I could smell cigarettes. Somebody had been smoking.
- Suddenly, my car broke down. I was not surprised. It had not been running well for a long time.
- Had the pilot been drinking before the crash?
| past perfect continuous tense | present perfect continuous tense | |||||
| had | been | doing | >>>> | | | | | | | | | | | | have | been | doing | >>>> | | |||
| past | now | future | past | now | future | |
- "I am angry. I have been waiting for two hours."
- "Ram was angry. He had been waiting for two hours."
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